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An orgasm (sexual climax) is the conclusion of the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle, and is experienced by both males and females. Orgasm is characterized by intense physical pleasure, controlled by the involuntary, or autonomic, nervous system.[1] It is accompanied by quick cycles of muscle contraction in the lower pelvic muscles, which surround the primary sexual organs and the anus. Orgasms are often associated with other involuntary actions, including muscular spasms in other areas of the body, a general euphoric sensation, and, less frequently, vocalizations.
After orgasm, humans often feel tired and a need to rest. This is attributed to the release of prolactin.[2] Prolactin is a typical neuroendocrine response in depressed mood and irritation.[3] Ongoing research at the University Medical Center of Groningen, the Netherlands, studies brain events that accompany orgasm in men and women. Techniques used involve Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and fMRI. Male and female brains act almost the same during orgasm. Brain scans showed that large parts of the cerebral cortex temporarily reduced their activity.
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Multiple orgasms
In some cases, women either do not have a refractory period or have a very short one and thus can experience a second orgasm soon after the first; some women can even follow this with additional consecutive orgasms. This is known as having multiple orgasms. After the initial orgasm, subsequent climaxes may be stronger or more pleasurable as the stimulation accumulates. Research shows that about 13% of women experience multiple orgasms[citation needed]; a larger number may be able to experience this with the proper stimulation (such as a vibrator) and frame of mind. However, for some women, their clitoris and nipples are very sensitive after climax, making additional stimulation initially painful. Taking deep, rapid breaths while continuing stimulation can assist in releasing this tension. [5]There are sensational reports of women having too many orgasms, including an unauthenticated claim that a young British woman has them constantly throughout the day, whenever she experiences the slightest vibration.[6]
It is possible to have an orgasm without ejaculation (dry orgasm) or to ejaculate without reaching orgasm. Some men have reported having multiple consecutive orgasms, particularly without ejaculation. Males who experience dry orgasms can often produce multiple orgasms, as the need for a rest period, the refractory period, is reduced.[7] Some males are able to masturbate for hours at a time, achieving orgasm many times.[7] In recent years, a number of books have described various techniques to achieve multiple orgasms. Most multi-orgasmic men (and their partners) report that refraining from ejaculation results in a far more energetic post-orgasm state[citation needed]. Additionally, some men have also reported that this can produce more powerful ejaculatory orgasms when they choose to have them.
One technique is to put pressure on the perineum, about halfway between the scrotum and the anus, just before ejaculating to prevent ejaculation. This can, however, lead to retrograde ejaculation, i.e. redirecting semen into the urinary bladder rather than through the urethra to the outside. It may also cause long term damage due to the pressure put on the nerves and blood vessels in the perineum. Men who have had prostate or bladder surgery, for whatever reason, may also experience dry orgasms because of retrograde ejaculation.
Other techniques are analogous to reports by multi-orgasmic women indicating that they must relax and "let go" to experience multiple orgasms. These techniques involve mental and physical controls over pre-ejaculatory vasocongestion and emissions, rather than ejaculatory contractions or forced retention as above. Sexual energy, though focused in the groin, can be channeled throughout the body. Anecdotally, successful implementation of these techniques can result in continuous or multiple "full-body" orgasms.[8]. Gentle digital stimulation of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens provides erogenous pleasure that sustains intense emissions orgasms for some men. A dildo device (the Aneros) claims to stimulate the prostate and help men reach these kinds of orgasms.
Many men who began masturbation or other sexual activity prior to puberty report having been able to achieve multiple non-ejaculatory orgasms. Young male children are capable of having multiple orgasms due to the lack of refractory period until they reach their first ejaculation. In female children it is always possible, even after the onset of puberty. This capacity generally disappears in males with the subject's first ejaculation. Some evidence indicates that orgasms of men before puberty are qualitatively similar to the "normal" female experience of orgasm, suggesting that hormonal changes during puberty have a strong influence on the character of male orgasm.[9]
Internet rumors and a few scientific studies have pointed to the hormone prolactin as the likely cause of male refractory period. Because of this, there is currently an experimental interest in drugs which inhibit prolactin, such as cabergoline (also known as Cabeser, or Dostinex). Anecdotal reports on cabergoline suggest it may be able to eliminate the refractory period altogether, allowing men to experience multiple ejaculatory orgasms in rapid succession. At least one scientific study supports these claims.[10] Cabergoline is a hormone-altering drug and has many potential side effects. It has not been approved for treating sexual dysfunction. Another possible reason may be an increased infusion of the hormone oxytocin. Furthermore, it is believed that the amount by which oxytocin is increased may affect the length of each refractory period.
A scientific study to successfully document natural, fully ejaculatory, multiple orgasms in an adult man was conducted at Rutgers University in 1995. During the study, six fully ejaculatory orgasms were experienced in 36 minutes, with no apparent refractory period.[11] It can also be said that in some cases, the refractory period can be reduced or even eliminated through the course of puberty and on into adulthood. Later, P. Haake et al. observed a single male individual producing multiple orgasms without elevated prolactin response.[12]
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Spontaneous orgasms
Orgasms can be spontaneous, seeming to occur with no direct stimulation. Many people find this to be quite embarrassing but enjoyable. Occasionally, orgasms can occur during sexual dreams.
The first orgasm of this type was reported among people who had spinal cord injury (SCI). Although SCI very often leads to loss of certain sensations and altered self-perception, a person with this disturbance is not deprived of sexual feelings such as sexual arousal and erotic desires. Thus some individuals are able to initiate orgasm by mere mental stimulation. Some non-sexual activity may result in a spontaneous orgasm. The best example of such activity is a release of tension that unintentionally involves slight genital stimulation, like rubbing of the seat of the bicycle against genitals during riding, exercising, when pelvic muscles are tightened or when yawning.
It was also discovered that some anti-depressant drugs may provoke spontaneous climax as a side effect.[13] There is no accurate data for how many patients who were on treatment with antidepressant drugs experienced spontaneous orgasm, as most were unwilling to acknowledge the fact.
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Drugs and orgasm
Certain drugs have been reported to have enhancing effects on orgasm. Nitrite inhalants are used by both men and women to enhance orgasm. Marijuana enhances both male and female orgasms, while at the same time delaying ejaculation.[36] GHB, GBL and 1,4 butanediol are commonly used to enhance orgasms. Both male and female users of stimulants, such as 3,4-MDMA(ecstasy), and psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin-containing mushrooms sometimes report heightened sexual pleasure. Conversely, there is much anecdotal evidence of users being unable to reach orgasm during psychoactive intoxication, and ecstasy use commonly leads to short term erectile dysfunction (known colloquially as 'pilly-willy'). Some male cocaine users report rubbing the glans of their penis with cocaine in order to numb it and delay ejaculation.[citation needed] Women who experience clitoral hypersensitivity after orgasm may do the same.[citation needed] Throughout history, recreational drugs have been used to enhance orgasm but, due to lack of research (or government-mandated research restrictions), may be unreliable or have hazardous side effects.[5]
Studies have indicated that each of the three major erectile dysfunction drugs have different reported effects on orgasm.[citation needed] Anecdotal evidence suggests that women have enhanced orgasms with sildenafil (commercially known as Viagra).[6] In men, sildenafil has varying effects on orgasm. Some men report enhancement, while others report that while they can achieve an erection with sildenafil, their orgasms feel "hollow".[citation needed] Vardenafil behaves very similarly to sildenafil. Tadalafil, a newer drug, in addition to treating erectile dysfunction over longer periods of time, is said to enhance orgasm and shorten the male refractory period.[citation needed] Some drugs, such as cabergoline, are reported to shorten the refractory period without having any effect on erections or orgasms.[citation needed]
Drugs that increase dopamine, such as cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and even caffeine enhance orgasm and pleasure associated with it. Serotonin, for one, makes it more difficult to obtain an orgasm, thus SSRIs, MDMA, or some other drugs may make it more difficult, if not impossible, to achieve an orgasm.
Studies have also proven that a variety of opiate-based drugs both natural and synthetic, such as the painkillers codeine, morphine, and heroin, and the common over-the-counter cough suppressant dextromethorphan, makes achieving orgasm extremely difficult.[citation needed] Similarly, a number of anti-depressant drugs, especially those in the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have as a side effect a delay or even an inability to achieve orgasm.