yeti skrev:
Creator skrev:
Tak And!
Huh?
Ja det tænkte jeg også, da det gik op for mig at bogen er en direkte kritik af det frie marked.
Undskyld And, du kunne selvfølgelig aldrig finde på at poste sådan noget..
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| The Globalisation of Addiction https://psychedelia.dk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=83&t=27233 |
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| Forfatter: | Lukasino [ 02 feb 2009 21:42 ] |
| Titel: | The Globalisation of Addiction |
Jeg synes selv, at denne artikel er ret interessant i forhold til at understøtte opfattelsen af afhængighed som et socialt problem, ikke bare et medicinsk. Den er lidt lang, men læs i det mindste de tre første afsnit. De er virkeligt interessante. http://www.nthposition.com/theglobalisationof.php Bruce Alexander is best known - though deserves to be much better known - for the 'Rat Park' experiments he conducted in 1981. As an addiction psychologist, much of the data with which he worked was drawn from laboratory trials with rats and monkeys: the 'addictiveness' of drugs such as opiates and cocaine was established by observing how frequently caged animals would push levers to obtain doses. But Alexander's observations of addicts at the clinic where he worked in Vancouver suggested powerfully to him that the root cause of addiction was not so much the pharmacology of these particular drugs as the environmental stressors with which his addicts were trying to cope. To test his hunch he designed Rat Park, an alternative laboratory environment constructed around the need of the subjects rather than the experimenters. A colony of rats, who are naturally gregarious, were allowed to roam together in a large vivarium enriched with wheels, balls and other playthings, on a deep bed of aromatic cedar shavings and with plenty of space for breeding and private interactions. Pleasant woodland vistas were even painted on the surrounding walls. In this situation, the rats' responses to drugs such as opiates were transformed. They no longer showed interest in pressing levers for rewards of morphine: even if forcibly addicted, they would suffer withdrawals rather than maintaining their dependence. Even a sugar solution could not tempt them to the morphine water (though they would choose this if naloxone was added to block the opiate effects). It seemed that the standard experiments were measuring not the addictiveness of opiates but the cruelty of the stresses inflicted on lab rats caged in solitary confinement, shaved, catheterised and with probes inserted into their median forebrain bundles. Yet despite (or perhaps because of) their radical implications for the data that underpin addiction psychology, the Rat Park experiments attracted little attention. Alexander's paper was rejected by major journals including Science and Nature, and eventually published only in the respectable but minor Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. Although the experiments have subsequently been replicated and extended, they still inform the science of addiction only at its margins. The Globalisation of Addiction is Alexander's attempt to draw out their full implications for our understanding of addiction, and to chart a course towards forms of treatment that can transform their findings into practice. His analysis begins with a radical reconception of addiction itself. Throughout the 20th century, as the science and treatment of addiction have developed into vast academic and professional industries, its underlying nature has stubbornly refused to coalesce into any sort of consensus. Is it a physiological condition marked by metabolic responses such as tolerance and withdrawal, a condition produced simply by exposure to 'addictive' drugs? Or is it a psychological affliction, the product of an 'addictive personality' - or, alternatively, a moral weakness, a failure of willpower and abrogation of social responsibilities? And how do these clinical views of addiction relate to the ever-expanding meanings of the term in the wider culture? For Alexander, all these seemingly disparate accounts are united by their focus on the individual addict; but even a cursory historical and cultural survey reveals that the incidence of addiction is essentially a social phenomenon. Many historical and indigenous cultures have lacked even the concept of addiction - but many of these same cultures, once their traditional structures have been disrupted by conquest or colonisation, have been destroyed by it. All across the Americas, the Pacific and Australia, hundreds of 'demoralised' cultures have descended into vicious spirals of addiction, usually to alcohol, in many tragic cases wiping themselves out entirely. The root causes of addiction, then, must run deeper than any individual pathology: they must be sought in a larger story of cultural malaise and 'poverty of the spirit' that forces individuals, often en masse, into desperate and dysfunctional coping strategies. Once addiction is recognised as a consequence of broader social currents, it becomes clear that the problem is far more widespread than the professional focus on drugs allows. Uncontrolled and chaotic appetites are extensively diagnosed across our culture not merely for illicit drugs, alcohol and nicotine but for other substances (food), other consumer activities (shopping, gambling), and other sources of emotional support such as romantic love. 'Addictive' is a slogan of enticement used to sell online gaming, exercise programmes and women's magazines. Even successful and high-functioning individuals can often be accurately described as addicted to money, power or status. Throughout the 20th century, these extensions of the concept of addiction were typically marginalised on the grounds that, unlike illicit drugs, these were mainstream activities that generated dysfunctional behaviour only in a minority of subjects. But alcohol has always been both mainstream and addictive, and it is increasingly clear that illicit drugs are used widely without necessarily generating addiction. Any attempt to get to the root of the problem must recognise that addiction is rampant not merely among a subculture of problem drug users but across society at large. Alexander's search for the drivers behind the modern explosion in addiction leads him to consider the parallel spread of free market societies. Along with their obvious economic benefits, free markets also bring a widespread increase in what he terms cultural 'dislocation'. What were once elaborately reciprocated cultural transactions are reduced to simple commercial exchanges, and 'the competitive marketplace becomes the matrix of human existence'. Social fabrics are loosened as economic winners and losers polarise into their respective ghettoes, and traditional networks of trust are replaced by often brutal demarcations between neighbourhoods and social classes. It is our now endemic culture of competitive, zero-sum individualism that has, in the phrase of Alexander's title, globalised addiction over the last 50 years. It is, he acknowledges, too simplistic to blame capitalism itself: the fundamental problem, dislocation, can equally be generated by feudalism , communism or any other political system. Nevertheless, a consumer society systemically erodes the sovereign remedy against addiction which, following Erik Erikson, Alexander terms 'psychosocial integration'. This has long been recognised as a necessity for social functioning: even Charles Darwin, whose theory is typically used to support competitive free market ideology, insisted that generating 'social and moral qualities' was a crucial factor in human evolutionary success. Psychosocial integration eliminates the hyperfocused pursuit of individual gratification that manifests as addictive behaviour, and balances individual autonomy with social belonging. Dislocation, though its effects are concentrated among the poor and socially excluded, has pervasive effects on society as a whole, which is why levels of happiness and welbeing stubbornly refuse to rise in proportion with purchasing power. The greatest modern triumph over drug addiction, in China during Mao's Great Leap Forward from 1949-1955, took place against a background of material poverty but intense social cooperation in rebuilding a shattered society. This analysis has helped Alexander to understand the successes and failures of treatment progammes in his professional world in Vancouver, where alcoholism and violence remain an intractable problem among many native Canadian Indians. Dislocation, rather than poverty, is their ultimate cause: communities resettled on unfamiliar land can be subsidised to the point where a 4x4 sits in every drive and a satellite dish on every roof, but still manifest higher levels of addiction than those which are allowed to remain in their homelands and follow their traditional subsistence strategies. In the arresting motto adopted by British Columbia's successful aboriginal community projects, 'Culture is Treatment'. Once addiction is reconceived as a symptom of the dislocation embedded in modern cultures, the practical measures required to manage it become vast in scope. Treatment of addicts needs to become more holistic, and interwoven into a far wider spectrum of social programmes. Education and treatment need to lose their narrow focus on illicit drugs and alcohol, and to encompass addiction in all its forms. Although the prohibition of drugs is a major contributor to social dislocation, legalisation is far from a panacea: the majority of addictions, after all, are to legally available products. (The greatest benefit of legalisation, perhaps, would be to allow communities to determine their own drug policies, thereby providing a crucial lever for increasing psychosocial integration.) Faith-based treatments, whether Christian or more broadly spiritual, have an important role to play: St. Augustine's Confessions remains a powerful template for the addiction recovery narrative, and membership of faith groups can provide an effective antidote to dislocation. Political activism, both global and local, is a tool of social empowerment that can benefit addicts and addiction professionals alike. All these strategies are eminently sensible, but remain hard to patch into the treatment of addiction as currently constituted. We may accept Alexander's persuasive case that drug addiction, properly understood, is a scapegoat for broader social dysfunction, but it is by no means obvious how to respond effectively. Like it or not, treatment remains focused on individuals, for whom his analysis holds limited explanatory power. Alexander does not deny the existence of personal tendencies to addiction, which may include genetics and neurochemistry, but maintains that they are often marginal factors and poor predictors of individual risk: overall, interventions are more effective at the social level than the personal. But these underlying causes are far easier to identify than to address. Our societies are profoundly structured around the need for individual autonomy; and personal freedom must, on some levels, always include the freedom to become addicted. The Globalisation of Addiction is a considerable work, highly ambitious in its scope, impressive in its multidisciplinary scholarship, clear in its structure and generous in its references. It is both its strength and its weakness that it integrates addiction so convincingly into broader issues of social and political reform. Like Rat Park, it offers a fundamental critique of the 20th century view of addiction, but also demonstrates how dominant are the processes and structures that drive it. |
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| Forfatter: | Drupe [ 02 feb 2009 22:07 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Nøj. Det lyder spændende på så mange niveauer... Konceptet om i højere grad at se ludomani, "shopaholicolism", alkoholisme, narkomisbrug, overspisning etc. under ét lyder utrolig fornuftig. Vi ved jo allerede, at belønningssystemet står centralt i alle disse tilfælde. Og så har jeg heller aldrig forstået hvorfor Rat Park eksperimentet ikke fik større opmærksomhed. Men videnskaben udgøres nu engang af en sær spænding mellem forstokket konservatisme på den ene side, og den pludselige, revolutionerende nytænkning på den anden. |
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| Forfatter: | Prometheus [ 03 feb 2009 15:35 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
God artikel! Mht. Rat Park eksperimentet - er der nogen som ved om han kun brugte morfin i sin model, eller om forsøget blev gjort med forskellige stoffer som normalt er afhængighedsskabende i en dyremodel (som f.eks. kokain og amfetamin)? |
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| Forfatter: | AlmostSalty [ 08 feb 2009 14:41 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Det åbner døre til nye tanker.... rigtig god artikel... |
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| Forfatter: | Cubensis [ 12 feb 2009 18:19 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Det er jo det jeg hele tiden har prøvet at fortælle folk jeg kender... Tak And! |
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| Forfatter: | йети [ 12 feb 2009 18:28 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Creator skrev: Tak And! Huh? |
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| Forfatter: | Cubensis [ 12 feb 2009 19:27 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
yeti skrev: Creator skrev: Tak And! Huh? Ja det tænkte jeg også, da det gik op for mig at bogen er en direkte kritik af det frie marked. Undskyld And, du kunne selvfølgelig aldrig finde på at poste sådan noget..
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| Forfatter: | Odden [ 12 feb 2009 20:03 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Bog? |
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| Forfatter: | Cubensis [ 12 feb 2009 20:14 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Yep Odden: http://www.elounge.com/Pages/ProductDetails.aspx?ProductIndeks=4628747 Jeg sidder lige og læser: The roots of addiction in free marked society En lille artikel af samme person, yderst spændende! Han argumenterer igen at dislocation (omvæltning) af traditioner/kultur er en direkte precursor til afhængighed af hvilken som helst art. |
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| Forfatter: | Cubensis [ 12 feb 2009 20:23 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Det er for vildt, jeg tror jeg køber bogen.. Han slår jo to fluer med et smæk... Det han egentlig siger er, at det frie markeds kapitalisme er den virkelige synder når det kommer til afhængighed og at de ting vi bliver afhængige af ikke nødvendigvis er afhængighedsskabende. Fjern det frie marked og dermed rodårsagen til mange menneskers dysfunktionelle forhold til "ting"/narko/magt. |
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| Forfatter: | Drupe [ 12 feb 2009 20:35 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Creator skrev: Fjern det frie marked og dermed rodårsagen til mange menneskers dysfunktionelle forhold til "ting"/narko/magt. Arrhh... Pas nu på med reduktionismen. Der var sgu masser af problemer før det såkaldte "frie" marked gjorde sit indtog. Ja vist er der masser af problemer knyttet til kapitalismen, ligesom der er også er en masse fordele. Menneskets verden var sgu ikke noget paradis før industialiseringen. |
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| Forfatter: | Cubensis [ 12 feb 2009 21:03 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Hvorfor skal jeg passe på? Min udtalelse er i det hele taget fucked up, fatter ikke at du kan forholde dig til den... Man kan jo ikke "fjerne" det frie marked. Men man kan derimod kontrollere det så det ikke bliver mere almægtigt end staten. (Er det så stadig et frit marked?) Har du i øvrigt lagt mærke til, at vi, nok især i DK, har en tendens til at tage os selv alvorligt på de fuldstændig forkerte tidspunkter? Det var noget jeg studsede over. Når noget virkelig er vigtigt, som fx. ægte følelser mellem mennesker hvor vi blotter os selv, samt vigtige emner hvor vi udstiller hvem vi virkelig er, fx i en diskussion - så har vi det med at tage pis på det hele, pakke det hele ind i tyk sarkasme, lave en joke eller højst sige præcis det samme som flokken. Vi ærer ikke en skid de mennesker vi er, eller dem vi taler med. Men kommer det til noget ganske ligegyldigt, så er det pludselig meget meget vigtigt om det er hatte-år eller ej, om man skal høre techno eller rock, med dertilhørende stil. Og så er man nærmest idiot, hvis man ikke har taget stilling til det. Der er intet der er helligt for os mere, kun mode og stil og rigtighed. Alle menneskelige relationer synes at være baseret på ting... |
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| Forfatter: | Drupe [ 12 feb 2009 21:16 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Jo. Jeg genkender hvad du skriver. Hele kulturens hovedstrøm er materialistisk. Tror det hænger sammen med at de fleste tror de selv er en ting, og derfor er ting det eneste hellige. Ateisme gjort til religion gennem materialismen. Men der er også en understrøm af noget mere ægte. Men den er så subtil at det ikke altid er at man får øje på den. Jeg går også og bliver mere og mere træt af den danske drukkultur. Selv folk der er igang med lange uddannelser og er overordentligt intelligente deltager ukritisk i en rusmonokultur, hvor bedøvelse og den efterfølgende smerte er højeste idealer. |
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| Forfatter: | Odden [ 12 feb 2009 22:15 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Fedt. Tak for linket Skaber. |
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| Forfatter: | Agathos D. [ 13 feb 2009 18:51 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Creator skrev: Der er intet der er helligt for os mere, kun mode og stil og rigtighed. Alle menneskelige relationer synes at være baseret på ting... Helt enig. Mange mennesker står ikke i "du" forhold, men i "det" forhold til omverdenen. Jeg oplever det desværre som en stigende tendens. Skoleskyderier og tendensen til at gå "postal" på meget ekstreme måder, tillægger jeg også individers manglende forankring i omgivelserne og opmærksomhed på de dybere aspekter af livet. En slags tomhed og fremmedgjorthed der avler ligegyldighed og vrede. Da jeg var ansat på en psykiatrisk afdeling observerede jeg noget interessant. Tre tilfælde hvor de var psykotiske og deprimerede og mente at de var med i et 24 timers konstant reality show. Omgivelserne så de som arrangerede og mennesker som skuespillere. De var selvfølgelig meget desperate over situationen og under et voldsomt pres. En af dem begik selvmord. Når jeg talte med dem udviste de en meget skeptisk, fremmedgjort og indstuderet holdning. Det var ret uhyggeligt. For hundrede år siden, var det ikke reality show, men napoleon. Tiden afspejles selvfølgelig indenfor psykiatrien. Jung var også inde på at misbrug i virkeligheden var en søgen efter spiritualitet, at blive ét med verden, gud, eller hvad der ellers kan give en mere komplet følelse af fuldstændighed og mening. |
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| Forfatter: | Cubensis [ 13 feb 2009 21:54 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
arpheus skrev: Creator skrev: Jung var også inde på at misbrug i virkeligheden var en søgen efter spiritualitet, at blive ét med verden, gud, eller hvad der ellers kan give en mere komplet følelse af fuldstændighed og mening. "Bag al vrede og agression, findes en person med umødte behov og følelser" Det må vel i og for sig også gælde dysfunktionel afhængighed? |
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| Forfatter: | Khazim [ 13 feb 2009 22:28 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Creator skrev: arpheus skrev: Creator skrev: Jung var også inde på at misbrug i virkeligheden var en søgen efter spiritualitet, at blive ét med verden, gud, eller hvad der ellers kan give en mere komplet følelse af fuldstændighed og mening. "Bag al vrede og agression, findes en person med umødte behov og følelser" Det må vel i og for sig også gælde dysfunktionel afhængighed? Hahahah, kan du komme med en kilde på det citat, eller har du lige tyvstjålet det fra min facebook? 
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| Forfatter: | Cubensis [ 13 feb 2009 22:32 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
 Det har jeg faktisk ja... Men det er ikke desto mindre relevant i mine øjne 
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| Forfatter: | Khazim [ 13 feb 2009 22:43 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Ja, helt sikkert, Marshall B. Rosenberg er fat i den lange ende, når han snakker om ikke-voldelig kommunikation (aka Girafsprog). Jeg synes selv at man oftere har behov for at bedøve sig, når ens behov ikke bliver mødt. Desværre (eller heldigvis) er det oftest fordi man selv har svært ved at gøre sine behov klare for sig selv og ens omgivelser. Hvis man mestrer at være i balance med ens behov og følelser, og dermed kan præcisere dem, er det også nemmere at leve et fuldstændigt liv, uden at have behov for en virkelighedsflugt. Fed tråd forresten! |
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| Forfatter: | Agathos D. [ 14 feb 2009 07:59 ] |
| Titel: | Re: The Globalisation of Addiction |
Det er jo tankevækkende at et stigende antal mennesker efter sigende skulle have kemiske ubalancer i hjernen. Huxleys fagre nye verden, hvor folk indtager deres daglige pille for at ha det godt og yde maksimalt er ved at blive til virkelighed. Stadigt flere må dagligt indtage medicin for at korrigere for kemiske ubalancer i hjernen. Hvordan kan folk genkende deres følelser og behov, hvis vi forklarer deres dårligdom med kemiske ubalancer og fjerner ubehaget ved at leve i utilfredsstillende omgivelser med medicin? Jeg mener ikke vi skal lade være med at give medicin, folk skal jo ha lindret symptomerne, når vi ikke kan fjerne årsagen, men der er ikke meget perspektiv i den løsning. Jeg tror for meget ansvar bliver lagt over på det enkelte individ. I 70'erne var der mange der sagde at "det er systemets skyld" og pilene pegede væk fra os selv. Nu har det enkelte individ ansvaret for alt hvad der sker og pilene peger mod os selv. Jeg tror ikke nogen af delene er rigtige. Vi er med til at skabe vores omgivelser, men påvirkningen går i høj grad også den den anden vej. Meget af den moderne psykologi, der enten bevæger sig på overfladen, eller ensidigt lægger ansvaret på det enkelte individ er med til at passificere folk, fjerne modstandskraften og bevare staus quo. |
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